Can All Words Be Expressed As Sumagrams?

At the place where mathematics and the world of anagrams overlap, many interesting phenomena arise, as regular readers of Word Ways are frequently reminded. Undoubtedly the most famous example is the anagram ELEVEN PLUS TWO = TWELVE PLUS ONE discovered by Melvin Wellman over half a century ago, with equality both mathematically and as an anagram. Two more of these appeared in Word Ways in 1992. They are Spanish examples by Lee Sallows: CATORCE + UNO = ONCE + CUATRO and DOCE + TRES = TRECE + DOS

The Bankruptcy Clause and the Eleventh Amendment: An Uncertain Boundary Between Federalism and State Sovereignty

This Article examines the conflict between the Bankruptcy Code and state sovereignty

Dustbuster: a compact impact-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer for in situ analysis of cosmic dust

We report on the design and testing of a compact impact-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer for analysis of cosmic dust, suitable for use on deep space missions. The instrument, Dustbuster, incorporates a large target area with a reflectron, simultaneously optimizing mass resolution, particle detection, and ion collection. Dust particles hit the 65-cm2 target plate and are partially ionized by the impact. The resulting ions, with broad energy and angular distributions, are accelerated through a modified reflectron, focusing ions of specific m/z in space and time to produce high-resolution mass spectra. The cylindrically symmetric instrument is 10 cm in diameter and 20 cm in length, considerably smaller than previous in situ dust analyzers, and can be easily scaled as needed for specific mission requirements. Laser desorption ionization of metal and mineral samples embedded in the impact plate simulated particle impacts for evaluations of instrument performance. Mass resolution in these experiments ranged from 60–180, permitting resolution of isotopes. The mass spectrometer can be combined with other instrument components to determine dust particle trajectories and sizes

Radial versus femoral access for rotational atherectomy: A UK observational study of 8622 patients

Background—Rotational atherectomy (RA) is an important interventional tool for heavily calcified coronary lesions. We compared the early clinical outcomes in patients undergoing RA using radial or femoral access. Methods and Results—We identified all patients in England and Wales who underwent RA between January 1, 2005, and March 31, 2014. Eight thousand six hundred twenty-two RA cases (3069 radial and 5553 femoral) were included in the analysis. The study primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Propensity scores were calculated to determine the factors associated with treatment assignment to radial or femoral access. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, using the calculated propensity scores, was performed. Thirty-day mortality was 2.2% in the radial and 2.3% in the femoral group (P=0.76). Radial access was associated with equivalent 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–1.46; P=0.71), procedural success (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.84–1.29; P=0.73), major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.80–1.38; P=0.72), and net adverse clinical events (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.71–1.15; P=0.41), but lower rates of in-hospital major bleeding (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40–0.98; P=0.04) and major access site complications (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01–0.38; P=0.004), compared with femoral access. Conclusions—In this large real-world study of patients undergoing RA, radial access was associated with equivalent 30-day mortality and procedural success, but reduced major bleeding and access site complications, compared with femoral access

Medical Debt as a Cause of Consumer Bankruptcy

In his 2009 State of the Union Address, President Barack Obama pleaded with Americans to support healthcare reform, stating, “This is cost that now causes a bankruptcy in America every thirty seconds.” That jaw-dropping statistic was based on a study co-authored by Senator Elizabeth Warren (D. Mass.) (then a professor at Harvard Law School), which concluded that 62.1% of consumer bankruptcies are medical bankruptcies. The figure has been widely cited by lawmakers, academics, and the media in support of expanded government healthcare. Recently, Senator Warren co-sponsored legislation to create a new category of those filing for bankruptcy: the “medically distressed debtor,” who would be exempt from stringent bankruptcy filing requirements. On the other side, commentators and lawmakers who oppose greater government involvement in healthcare have disputed the study’s findings. The issue of medical bankruptcies continues to be the focal point in the healthcare debate.6 Several other studies have examined medical debt in bankruptcy. Using a variety of methods, these studies have alternatively sought to support the Warren study, refute it, or replace it as the authoritative source on medical bankruptcies. The studies have produced a wide range of estimates for medical debt, feeding opposite positions in the debate over healthcare policy. This study seeks to close that gap by drawing upon medical debt and other data from consumer bankruptcy cases in 2013, and responses to a nationwide survey of recent bankruptcy filers. The data adduced in this study shows that medical bills are the single largest casual factor in consumer bankruptcy—but not to the degree found in the study cited by President Obama. My study concludes that medical debt is the predominant causal factor in 18% to 26% of all consumer bankruptcies. It is important to stress that in most cases, no single element can be cited as the “cause” of the bankruptcy. The decision to file bankruptcy is typically the product of factors such as long-time financial patterns, family and lifestyle decisions, job loss and sudden adverse events, advice from others, and, ultimately, the individual debtor’s perception of the value and utility of filing bankruptcy. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is not to establishes a bright line definition of “medical bankruptcies,” but rather to look at medical debt as a predominate factor of bankruptcy

Toward a Unified Theory of Cognition: A Kantian Analysis

The goal of this paper is to provide classroom teachers a more unified theory of cognition. The current cognitive theories of information processing, schema theory, and constructivism exhibit limitations and a lack of cohesion that make their implications for teachers unclear. This paper will be presented in five sections. 1) The first describes problems with current cognitive theories and the need for a unified theory of cognition 2) The second provides a review of the literature of current cognitive theories. 3) The third section consists of research in the history of cognitive theory both in philosophy and psychology. 4) The fourth describes how a fresh look at the philosophy of Immanuel Kant can provide a more unified cognitive theory to educational psychology. 5) Finally, the paper offers specific implications for instruction under these headings: Teachers should describe the concept to be taught as a rule. Teachers should introduce the concept rule by experience or by example. Teachers should use the concept rule as a framework for effective questioning. Teachers should describe the rule with abstract language only after students have understood the rule